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core/Nat32

Utility functions on 32-bit unsigned integers.

Note that most operations are available as built-in operators (e.g. 1 + 1).

Import from the core library to use this module.

import Nat32 "mo:core/Nat32";

Type Nat32​

type Nat32 = Prim.Types.Nat32

32-bit natural numbers.

Value maxValue​

let maxValue : Nat32

Maximum 32-bit natural number. 2 ** 32 - 1.

Example:

assert Nat32.maxValue == (4294967295 : Nat32);

Function toNat​

func toNat(_ : Nat32) : Nat

Converts a 32-bit unsigned integer to an unsigned integer with infinite precision.

Example:

assert Nat32.toNat(123) == (123 : Nat);

Function fromNat​

func fromNat(_ : Nat) : Nat32

Converts an unsigned integer with infinite precision to a 32-bit unsigned integer.

Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.fromNat(123) == (123 : Nat32);

Function fromNat16​

func fromNat16(x : Nat16) : Nat32

Converts a 16-bit unsigned integer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.

Example:

assert Nat32.fromNat16(123) == (123 : Nat32);

Function toNat16​

func toNat16(x : Nat32) : Nat16

Converts a 32-bit unsigned integer to a 16-bit unsigned integer.

Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.toNat16(123) == (123 : Nat16);

Function fromNat64​

func fromNat64(x : Nat64) : Nat32

Converts a 64-bit unsigned integer to a 32-bit unsigned integer.

Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.fromNat64(123) == (123 : Nat32);

Function toNat64​

func toNat64(x : Nat32) : Nat64

Converts a 32-bit unsigned integer to a 64-bit unsigned integer.

Example:

assert Nat32.toNat64(123) == (123 : Nat64);

Function fromIntWrap​

func fromIntWrap(_ : Int) : Nat32

Converts a signed integer with infinite precision to a 32-bit unsigned integer.

Traps on overflow/underflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.fromIntWrap(123) == (123 : Nat32);

Function toText​

func toText(x : Nat32) : Text

Converts x to its textual representation. Textual representation do not contain underscores to represent commas.

Example:

assert Nat32.toText(1234) == ("1234" : Text);

Function min​

func min(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the minimum of x and y.

Example:

assert Nat32.min(123, 456) == (123 : Nat32);

Function max​

func max(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the maximum of x and y.

Example:

assert Nat32.max(123, 456) == (456 : Nat32);

Function equal​

func equal(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

Equality function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x == y.

Example:

assert Nat32.equal(1, 1);
assert (1 : Nat32) == (1 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing == operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use == as a function value at the moment.

Example:

let a : Nat32 = 111;
let b : Nat32 = 222;
assert not Nat32.equal(a, b);

Function notEqual​

func notEqual(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

Inequality function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x != y.

Example:

assert Nat32.notEqual(1, 2);
assert (1 : Nat32) != (2 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing != operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use != as a function value at the moment.

Function less​

func less(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

"Less than" function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x < y.

Example:

assert Nat32.less(1, 2);
assert (1 : Nat32) < (2 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing < operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use < as a function value at the moment.

Function lessOrEqual​

func lessOrEqual(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

"Less than or equal" function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x <= y.

Example:

assert Nat32.lessOrEqual(1, 2);
assert (1 : Nat32) <= (2 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing <= operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use <= as a function value at the moment.

Function greater​

func greater(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

"Greater than" function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x > y.

Example:

assert Nat32.greater(2, 1);
assert (2 : Nat32) > (1 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing > operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use > as a function value at the moment.

Function greaterOrEqual​

func greaterOrEqual(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Bool

"Greater than or equal" function for Nat32 types. This is equivalent to x >= y.

Example:

assert Nat32.greaterOrEqual(2, 1);
assert (2 : Nat32) >= (1 : Nat32);

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing >= operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use >= as a function value at the moment.

Function compare​

func compare(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Order.Order

General purpose comparison function for Nat32. Returns the Order ( either #less, #equal, or #greater) of comparing x with y.

Example:

assert Nat32.compare(2, 3) == #less;

This function can be used as value for a high order function, such as a sort function.

Example:

import Array "mo:core/Array";
assert Array.sort([2, 3, 1] : [Nat32], Nat32.compare) == [1, 2, 3];

Function add​

func add(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the sum of x and y, x + y. Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.add(1, 2) == 3;
assert (1 : Nat32) + (2 : Nat32) == 3;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing + operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use + as a function value at the moment.

Example:

import Array "mo:core/Array";
assert Array.foldLeft<Nat32, Nat32>([2, 3, 1], 0, Nat32.add) == 6;

Function sub​

func sub(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the difference of x and y, x - y. Traps on underflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.sub(2, 1) == 1;
assert (2 : Nat32) - (1 : Nat32) == 1;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing - operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use - as a function value at the moment.

Example:

import Array "mo:core/Array";
assert Array.foldLeft<Nat32, Nat32>([2, 3, 1], 20, Nat32.sub) == 14;

Function mul​

func mul(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the product of x and y, x * y. Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.mul(2, 3) == 6;
assert (2 : Nat32) * (3 : Nat32) == 6;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing * operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use * as a function value at the moment.

Example:

import Array "mo:core/Array";
assert Array.foldLeft<Nat32, Nat32>([2, 3, 1], 1, Nat32.mul) == 6;

Function div​

func div(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the division of x by y, x / y. Traps when y is zero.

Example:

assert Nat32.div(6, 2) == 3;
assert (6 : Nat32) / (2 : Nat32) == 3;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing / operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use / as a function value at the moment.

Function rem​

func rem(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the remainder of x divided by y, x % y. Traps when y is zero.

Example:

assert Nat32.rem(6, 4) == 2;
assert (6 : Nat32) % (4 : Nat32) == 2;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing % operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use % as a function value at the moment.

Function pow​

func pow(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns x to the power of y, x ** y. Traps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.pow(2, 3) == 8;
assert (2 : Nat32) ** (3 : Nat32) == 8;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing ** operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use ** as a function value at the moment.

Function bitnot​

func bitnot(x : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise negation of x, ^x.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitnot(0) == 4294967295;
assert ^(0 : Nat32) == 4294967295;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing ^ operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use ^ as a function value at the moment.

Function bitand​

func bitand(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise and of x and y, x & y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitand(1, 3) == 1;
assert (1 : Nat32) & (3 : Nat32) == 1;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing & operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use & as a function value at the moment.

Function bitor​

func bitor(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise or of x and y, x | y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitor(1, 3) == 3;
assert (1 : Nat32) | (3 : Nat32) == 3;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing | operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use | as a function value at the moment.

Function bitxor​

func bitxor(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise exclusive or of x and y, x ^ y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitxor(1, 3) == 2;
assert (1 : Nat32) ^ (3 : Nat32) == 2;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing ^ operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use ^ as a function value at the moment.

Function bitshiftLeft​

func bitshiftLeft(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise shift left of x by y, x << y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitshiftLeft(1, 3) == 8;
assert (1 : Nat32) << (3 : Nat32) == 8;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing << operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use << as a function value at the moment.

Function bitshiftRight​

func bitshiftRight(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise shift right of x by y, x >> y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitshiftRight(8, 3) == 1;
assert (8 : Nat32) >> (3 : Nat32) == 1;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing >> operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use >> as a function value at the moment.

Function bitrotLeft​

func bitrotLeft(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise rotate left of x by y, x <<> y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitrotLeft(1, 3) == 8;
assert (1 : Nat32) <<> (3 : Nat32) == 8;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing <<> operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use <<> as a function value at the moment.

Function bitrotRight​

func bitrotRight(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the bitwise rotate right of x by y, x <>> y.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitrotRight(1, 1) == 2147483648;
assert (1 : Nat32) <>> (1 : Nat32) == 2147483648;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing <>> operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use <>> as a function value at the moment.

Function bittest​

func bittest(x : Nat32, p : Nat) : Bool

Returns the value of bit p mod 32 in x, (x & 2^(p mod 32)) == 2^(p mod 32). This is equivalent to checking if the p-th bit is set in x, using 0 indexing.

Example:

assert Nat32.bittest(5, 2);

Function bitset​

func bitset(x : Nat32, p : Nat) : Nat32

Returns the value of setting bit p mod 32 in x to 1.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitset(5, 1) == 7;

Function bitclear​

func bitclear(x : Nat32, p : Nat) : Nat32

Returns the value of clearing bit p mod 32 in x to 0.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitclear(5, 2) == 1;

Function bitflip​

func bitflip(x : Nat32, p : Nat) : Nat32

Returns the value of flipping bit p mod 32 in x.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitflip(5, 2) == 1;

Function bitcountNonZero​

func bitcountNonZero(x : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the count of non-zero bits in x.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitcountNonZero(5) == 2;

Function bitcountLeadingZero​

func bitcountLeadingZero(x : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the count of leading zero bits in x.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitcountLeadingZero(5) == 29;

Function bitcountTrailingZero​

func bitcountTrailingZero(x : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the count of trailing zero bits in x.

Example:

assert Nat32.bitcountTrailingZero(16) == 4;

Function addWrap​

func addWrap(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the sum of x and y, x +% y. Wraps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.addWrap(4294967295, 1) == 0;
assert (4294967295 : Nat32) +% (1 : Nat32) == 0;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing +% operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use +% as a function value at the moment.

Function subWrap​

func subWrap(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the difference of x and y, x -% y. Wraps on underflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.subWrap(0, 1) == 4294967295;
assert (0 : Nat32) -% (1 : Nat32) == 4294967295;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing -% operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use -% as a function value at the moment.

Function mulWrap​

func mulWrap(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns the product of x and y, x *% y. Wraps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.mulWrap(2147483648, 2) == 0;
assert (2147483648 : Nat32) *% (2 : Nat32) == 0;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing *% operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use *% as a function value at the moment.

Function powWrap​

func powWrap(x : Nat32, y : Nat32) : Nat32

Returns x to the power of y, x **% y. Wraps on overflow.

Example:

assert Nat32.powWrap(2, 32) == 0;
assert (2 : Nat32) **% (32 : Nat32) == 0;

Note: The reason why this function is defined in this library (in addition to the existing **% operator) is so that you can use it as a function value to pass to a higher order function. It is not possible to use **% as a function value at the moment.

Function range​

func range(fromInclusive : Nat32, toExclusive : Nat32) : Iter.Iter<Nat32>

Returns an iterator over Nat32 values from the first to second argument with an exclusive upper bound.

import Iter "mo:core/Iter";

let iter = Nat32.range(1, 4);
assert iter.next() == ?1;
assert iter.next() == ?2;
assert iter.next() == ?3;
assert iter.next() == null;

If the first argument is greater than the second argument, the function returns an empty iterator.

import Iter "mo:core/Iter";

let iter = Nat32.range(4, 1);
assert iter.next() == null; // empty iterator

Function rangeInclusive​

func rangeInclusive(from : Nat32, to : Nat32) : Iter.Iter<Nat32>

Returns an iterator over Nat32 values from the first to second argument, inclusive.

import Iter "mo:core/Iter";

let iter = Nat32.rangeInclusive(1, 3);
assert iter.next() == ?1;
assert iter.next() == ?2;
assert iter.next() == ?3;
assert iter.next() == null;

If the first argument is greater than the second argument, the function returns an empty iterator.

import Iter "mo:core/Iter";

let iter = Nat32.rangeInclusive(4, 1);
assert iter.next() == null; // empty iterator

Function allValues​

func allValues() : Iter.Iter<Nat32>

Returns an iterator over all Nat32 values, from 0 to maxValue.

import Iter "mo:core/Iter";

let iter = Nat32.allValues();
assert iter.next() == ?0;
assert iter.next() == ?1;
assert iter.next() == ?2;
// ...